Musical Eras Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Melodic Eras - Essay Example a. Serenades †The soonest usually realized music was most likely medieval serenades. This kind of music was found in Jewish and early Christian music and comprised of reciting or singing the Psalms. Serenades were created to territorially to follow neighborhood sacraments. Priests regularly were answerable for singing the serenades. One early Monk established a major connection with medieval music. Guido d’Arrezo, an Italian Monk, made the first Do, Re, Me, utilizing his hand (Neff, 2007). The Guidonian Hand was an outline that put notes on the correct hand. This simple to learn outline was a framework to assist individuals with learning the notes. His unique Do, Re, Me sounded a lot of like the melody Julie Andrews sang in the 1959 melodic â€Å"The Sound Of Music† (Neff, 2007). During his lifetime d’Arrezo prepared artists at a neighborhood house of God. The Roman Catholic Church utilized serenades utilizing them in their day by day and uncommon masses. Generally European or American taught people know about Gregorian Chants that were a lot of a piece of the early Catholic Church literagy. b. Goliards †Goliards are best depicted as writer performers. These performers were comprised of researchers who sang and recounted verse in Latin. It is accepted they had a major impact in the improvement of the Troubadours. A few Goliards were mainstream and some were strict. Since they were researchers and educated they had the option to record tunes.

Project Management Essay Example for Free

Undertaking Management Essay The goal of this undertaking is to open a second office for Better Health Care Centers inside the following year and a half and inside the $1.5 million financial plan on schedule and on spending plan. The undertakings condition as it identifies with social/social is one of mending, wellbeing and prosperity of the populace or network. The extension of the office will force little effect on the earth as we will utilize a current structure and every single green practice and strategies will be established whenever the situation allows. For the general administration of this task I will utilize development directors, contract administrators and legal advisors, and there will be another trough responsible for the recruiting of staff and those individuals will report me, the general venture chief. Since this is such a long and costly venture there should be tight controls on schedule and assets to guarantee that there is practically zero waste. The task will be sectioned into stages that will be finished or practically complete when the following period of the undertaking starts. This will empower better control of the undertaking rather than getting things done out of a consistent request. You would not outfit the structure before you introduce the floor covering. The measure of stages and the level of control of each stage will rely upon the size multifaceted nature and effect of the task. The stages for the time being, will be streamlined and will go something like this; the starting stage where the entirety of the proposition and financial plans for each stage will be characterized will be set. The following stage will incorporate the arranging procedure. Where the entirety of the essential needs of the undertaking will be characterized and the supervisory group is fabricated and stage assignments are appointed. At that point the work begins with the execution of the undertaking and the individual ventures start decisively. This stage makes them cover ventures and concurrent activities there will be not very many occasions when there is just one anticipate working at that point. During this stage the procurement of building space, contracts with insurance agencies a nd outside research centers and radiology offices and medical clinics will be arranged. The employing of temporary workers and the concluding of floor designs and picking gear and different materials and supplies are settled on. This is the longest stage and tight controls on financial plan and time are generally significant. There will be a requirement for four supervisors to run various regions of the task they will be in charge of their financial plan and answering to the general undertaking director and to the investors. Every administrator will have a staff of individuals to do a portion of the work as indicated by their mastery. There will be a lawful group, a development group, a structure group and a group to sort out gatherings, a group for the general financial plan a bookkeeping group. In the last or shutting stage the stir gets pace and time to take care of business turns into a reality. In this stage numerous activities will be finished while others are slowing down and a couple of will simply be beginning. In this stage the recruiting of the workplace staff, doctors and office troughs will be concluded and contracted. In this stage the completing contacts will be set up and the hardware will be conveyed and set up. The PC frameworks will be introduced and preparing of the new representatives will start. For this venture the director will require incredible time the executives aptitudes and the capacity to discuss viably with second level chiefs and task pioneers and staff so the productivity of the undertaking has as hardly any set back and blunders as could reasonably be expected. The task supervisor will likewise require authority aptitudes. With out a decent pioneer nothing completes productively or adequately. Venture administrators are alloted to accomplish the undertaking goals. This job requires adaptability, solid authority. Trustworthiness, arranging abilities and a strong information on venture the board rehearses. The undertaking director must have meticulousness while overseeing from a general administration forthcoming. The task administrator is answerable for the accomplishment of the venture and is accountable for all parts of the undertaking. The task administrator obligations include: Developing the administration plan and its related segments. Keeping the venture on schedule and on financial plan. Checking, distinguishing and reacting to chance. The administrator is additionally liable for opportune and exact revealing of venture measurements. The venture group is comprised of the administrator, and other colleagues that complete the work however not really associated with the board. Each group has its own insight into their particular topic. It is vital for all groups to meet consistently to go over any issues and to refresh the undertaking director in every group progress. References: PMBOK direct forward release venture the board establishment. Fourth release 2008 CTU online live talks Granville Jones Instructor http://www.techrepublic.com/article/support achievement by-following-pmis-information zones/1051548

How the Status Quo Bias Affects Your Decisions

How the Status Quo Bias Affects Your Decisions Theories Cognitive Psychology Print How the Status Quo Bias Affects Your Decisions By Kendra Cherry facebook twitter Kendra Cherry, MS, is an author, educational consultant, and speaker focused on helping students learn about psychology. Learn about our editorial policy Kendra Cherry Updated on August 12, 2019 Sollina Images / Getty Images More in Theories Cognitive Psychology Behavioral Psychology Developmental Psychology Personality Psychology Social Psychology Biological Psychology Psychosocial Psychology The status quo bias is one type of cognitive bias that involves people preferring that things stay as they are, or that the current state of affairs remains the same. This bias can have an effect on human behavior, but it is also a topic of interest in other fields including sociology, politics, and economics. By being aware of how the status quo bias influences your decisions and behaviors, you can look for ways to reduce the bias in the choices you make each and every day. Overview Change can be a scary thing for many people, which is perhaps why many tend to prefer that things simply stay the way they are. In psychology, this tendency is known as the status quo bias, a type of cognitive bias in which people exhibit a preference for the way things are currently. When changes do occur, people tend to perceive them as a loss or detriment. The status quo bias can make people resistant to change, but it can also have a powerful effect on the decisions they make as well. In a series of controlled experiments, Samuelson and Zeckhauser found that people show a disproportionate preference for choices that maintain the status quo. Participants were asked a variety of questions, for example, in which they had to take the role of the decision-maker in situations faced by individuals, managers, and government officials. Based on the results, the researchers noted a strong status quo bias in the responses. When making an important choice, people are more likely to pick the option that maintains things as they are currently. A status quo bias minimizes the risks associated with change, but it also causes people to miss out on potential benefits that might even outweigh the risks. Explanations So why do people tend to have such a strong bias for the status quo? A number of other cognitive biases support the existence of the status quo bias. Loss Aversion Bias As they consider their choices, people focus more on what they stand to lose rather than how they might benefit. As Kahneman and Tversky (1979) explain, losses loom larger than gains. In other words, the potential for loss stands out in peoples minds much more prominently than the potential for gains. For example, research by Samuelson and Zeckhauser (1988) found that younger workers were more likely to sign up for a health insurance plan that had better premiums and deductibles, while older employees were more likely to stick with their old but less favorable plans. The older employees may be more concerned with minimizing any possible losses rather than risking everything on some potential gains. They know what to expect from their current plan, so they are not willing to take the risk on a new plan even though the switch might come with financial benefits. Exposure Mere exposure, or the tendency to prefer things simply because they are familiar, may also play a role. Researchers have found that people prefer a wide variety of things simply because they are familiar with them, including words, faces, pictures, and even sounds. Quite often, the things we think we prefer only become favored because we are more familiar with them. Impact The status quo bias can have a serious impact on a wide variety of everyday decisions. For example, you may find yourself ordering the same menu item every time you visit your favorite restaurant. Some of the newer items on the menu may look tempting, but you already know that you will be satisfied with your old favorite. Instead of trying a new dish, and running the risk that you will not like it, youd rather stick to your tried-and-true favorite. This minimizes the risk of any potential losses (being unhappy with what you ordered), but you also miss out on the possible benefits such as finding a new favorite dish. Sticking with your current cable/satellite provider is another example of how the status quo bias may influence everyday decisions. Even though another provider might offer more channels at a cheaper price, you are already familiar with the rates, choices, and customer service offered by your current provider. The status quo bias might lead you to stay with your current provider in order to keep things the way they are, rather than to take a risk on an unfamiliar but potentially better service option. The status quo bias can also have an impact on more significant life choices that might impact your finances, your political choices, and even your health. For example, the bias is often used to explain why people fail to take advantage of investment and savings opportunities. Rather than place their money in investments that have a degree of risk, people often leave their money in low-yield savings accounts. The status quo bias leads people to maintain their financial situation as it currently is, rather than taking a risk on improving their financial outlook. In politics, the status quo bias is also often used to explain the conservative mindset. People who identify as conservative tend to focus on maintaining traditions and keeping things the way they are. This avoids risks associated with change but also misses out on possible benefits that change might bring. The status quo bias can also have an impact on the health choices that people make. One study found that when given the choice between their current medication and an even better medication, people are biased toward choosing their current medicine. Rather than risk trying an unknown medication that may have unknown effects, people prefer to stick with what they know, even if it is potentially not as good as the alternatives. Of course, like many other cognitive biases, the status quo bias does have benefits. Because it prevents people from taking risks, the bias offers a certain degree of protection. However, this risk-avoidance can also have negative effects if the alternatives actually provide greater safety and benefits than the current state of affairs.

The Negative Effects of High-Stakes Tests Essay - 1396 Words

Visualize a standardized test taken annually by millions of students in the U.S.A. that directly affects teaching methods, school budgets, and grade promotion. Presently, millions of schools are utilizing high-stakes tests to determine these major factors. The United States expects students to perform well on standardized testing, or school districts will suffer financial consequences under the No Child Left Behind Act (Au 502). This places pressure on everyone from administrators to students in a school district. Schools worldwide are stressed to succeed on these standardized tests when they only measure a fraction of a student’s intelligence. Standardized testing must be discontinued because it negatively affects school curricula,†¦show more content†¦Currently, instructors are pressured by state education department to adjust school curricula to meet the expectations of the standardized test. Educators alter the curriculum to â€Å"match the [standardized] testâ⠂¬  (â€Å"How Standardized†). Therefore, instructors are limited and classroom instruction is focused around test preparation for the annual standardized test. Teachers are forced to abandon their creative lessons and â€Å"teach the test,† or concentrating only on the material that will be evaluated (â€Å"How Standardized†). This frequently involves taking multiple choice tests that are formatted identically to the standardized test and only memorizing facts, formulas, and items included only on the standardized tests (â€Å"How Standardized†). Even though test scores may improve, students are not learning how to think critically and perform better in other subjects that are not on the test (â€Å"How Standardized†). Instructional time is limited in the other subject areas such as science, social studies, music, and art. Instructors feel â€Å"handicapped† and plead to state officials abandon these standardized tests for the sake of th e â€Å"quality of the instruction in American schools† (Zimmerman 206). School curricula are being modified only to prepare students for a single test, not for education the students need in the future. Additionally, school teachers are facing a gargantuan amount of pressure to teach their students the information the students need toShow MoreRelatedHigh Stakes Testing Is An Educational Strategy976 Words   |  4 PagesHigh-stakes testing is an educational strategy that affects students, teachers, and society as a whole. The topic of high-stakes testing has been supported and discredited by many educators, politicians, and citizens. Nationally, schools are using high-stakes testing for a variety of reasons. The American Educational Research Association discussed high-stakes testing and issued a statement that read: Many states and school districts mandate testing programs to gather data about student achievementRead More The Negative Impact of High Stakes Standardized Testing1191 Words   |  5 Pagesbeen in use since the mid to late 1990’s. However the â€Å"high stakes† focus on standardized testing is. The practices that accompany standardized testing have long been in debate. Those in favor of standardized testing will argue that the testing creates a system that increases grades and accountability among teachers, students and school districts across the country. On the other hand those that oppose standardized testing will argue the ill effects that standardized testing can have on students, teachersRead MoreState Of Texas Assessments Of Academic Readiness Or Staar1430 Words   |  6 PagesResearch Paper Texas contains a lot of issues when it comes to its education policies. The issue that has the most people thinking about and I feel more passionate about when it comes to education is the high-stakes testing in the Texas high schools, middle schools, and even elementary schools. This issue has brought plenty of attention from students and their parents. The testing situation in Texas has been addressed from time to time, but there hasn’t been a proper solution that keeps the studentRead MoreThe Pros And Cons Of Standardized Testing794 Words   |  4 Pagesshould be less fearful of standardized tests. For educators and parents, testing means standardized testing: a tool wielded by politicians and administrators to terrify children and teachers. When cognitive psychologists hear the word testing, they think immediately of the testing effect — one of the best learning strategies. In this quote, the authors make a separation between testing and standardized testing. They bring up the concept of the testing effect which is the idea that trying to rememberRead MoreThe No Child Left Behind Act1145 Words   |  5 Pagesadministered set a proficiency standard, so-called Adequate Yearly Progress (AYP), which gradually increase the percentage of student that must meet the proficiency standard. The stats administrator also setup a standardize test for all the public schools students. The standardize tests measure students’ proficiency in mathematics and English reading. The purpose of NCLB is to improve individual performance in education and to close the achievement gap between each student. With the requirement to meetRead MoreArticle Analysis: The Four Effects of the High-STakes Testing Movement on African American K-12 Students781 Words   |  3 Pagesarticle, Four Effects of the High-Stakes Testing Movement on African American K-12 Students discusses four ways in which high-stakes testing has harmed African American students in particular an d recommendations for improving their school experiences. Standardized tests have become the main criteria to which student’s knowledge, teacher efficacy, and school quality are assessed due to No Child Left Behind. The authors discuss that one way African Americans have been harmed through high-stakes testingRead MoreStandardized Testing Has A Negative Impact On The Students1519 Words   |  7 Pagesgraduate in 2018 and beyond, a high school student is required to take seven standardized tests, achieving a cumulative score of 18, earning a minimum of four points in math, four points in English and six points across science and social studies (Ohio Department of Education). Students, in many schools, can spend weeks, and sometimes even months preparing to take these assessments. Teachers take time out of their lesson plans to help their students by teaching to the test. Once it is time to actuallyRead MoreThe Education System Of The United States1174 Words   |  5 Pagesis accepted to help these schools, so come the high standards and expectations. The use of Federal funding creates high stake environments, that effect students and teachers differently. With these high expectations for standa rdizing test scores, teachers are promised large bonus incentives in return. In 2009, schools were given the option to apply for funding by The Race to the Top Fund, and these expectations cause teachers and students to have high stress and anxiety in standardized school testingRead MoreEssay on austin educationalissues1652 Words   |  7 Pagesthat currently exist in education include high stakes testing, common core curriculum, and the use of social media. High Stakes Testing Standardized tests are used throughout the country to measure student learning. High stakes tests are those used to measure students’ successes and failures. In the United States, high stakes tests are used for accountability purposes. These tests measure the success or failure of a school as a whole. High stakes tests have been a concern for America’s educationalRead MoreImportant Skills A Student Needs Help Learn For Their Future929 Words   |  4 Pagesalso need the skill to deal with difficult life issues. Students may be able to achieve academically, but lack what is necessary to cope with difficult life issues. Teachers have to abandon teaching students what is not related to the standardized tests, which then makes them lose sight of what is important for the students. A whole child is not simply composed of their intellect, but their emotional and spiritual well-being as well. According to Barrier-Ferreira, â€Å"A school must be about achieving

Analysis Of Special Education Classroom, Positive...

1. Give a field-based example of two of the following: positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, punishment, or extinction. In special education classroom, positive reinforcement is applicable when students transit from activities through following instructions as provided and avoiding any form of distraction as well as maintaining a reasonable level of noise in whichever circumstance. Observation all these guarantee students a ticket. A minimum of 30 tickets a week guarantees them candy from their teacher. This is seen a motivation to the students hence they strive to receive the ticket. Another positive punishment observed on with 5th-grade general education class where a rude student is made to write an apology; the letter must†¦show more content†¦Notably, whenever she exhibits inappropriate behavior, his class laugh at her but she starts to smile. Nearing the end of the video, when another student is answering a question, Kira turns around to see if people are laughing at her. 4. Nigel s problem behavior includes cursing, making derogatory comments toward other students, yelling, spitting, and shoving chairs. Discuss the type of a measurement system you would use to collect data on Nigel s problem behaviors and explain your answer. To understand Nigel’s behavioral challenges, it is imperative to collect information about his behavior before the interview (Crone and Horner, 2013). Information and questions to be asked during the interviews must be those who seek to understand the cause, consequences associated with the behavior, frequency of the problems, timing and the some of the intervention strategies that have been explored. It is with the hope that Nigel opens up to during the interview to provide much information that may help find a solution to the challenges faced and further understanding the problem. The behavioral challenge can be a problem emanating from the school circles or home. If for unknown reason Nigel is not able to provide much information, direct observation will be ideal. ABC analysis becomes appropriate preliminary means of data collection as opposed to baseline study given that the intention will not be to identify theShow MoreRelatedDefinition And Features Of The Learning Theories1332 Words   |  6 Pageschallenges and restrictions of both theories will be considered. Examining the distinctive aspects of the theories, this paper will conclude whether one theory or the blend of both theories is best when addressing the intricacies of an individual’s education. This paper will critically examine the two major learning theories; constructivism and behaviourism. These are theories that have been contributed to by many theorists across several hundred years. Pavlov, Watson, Watson and Rayner, Thorndike, SkinnerRead MoreA Critique of the Behavioural Theories of Learning4629 Words   |  19 Pagesconditioning is not likely to occur. The bell signals the arrival of food. Pavlov called this the law of contiguity: The closer the two are in time (with neutral stimulus preceding presentation of UCS), the stronger the conditioning (generally speaking) Extinction. This concept is similar to common sense idea of forgetting. Pavlov found that when he sounded the tone repeatedly without presenting food, the dog’s salivation also decreased. After the conditioning phase, the conditioned response (CR)Read MoreA Critique of the Behavioural Theories of Learning4640 Words   |  19 Pagesconditioning is not likely to occur. The bell signals the arrival of food. Pavlov called this the law of contiguity: The closer the two are in time (with neutral stimulus preceding presentation of UCS), the stronger the conditioning (generally speaking) Extinction. This concept is similar to common sense idea of forgetting. Pavlov found that when he sounded the tone repeatedly without presenting food, the dog’s salivation also decreased. After the conditioning phase, the conditioned response (CR)Read MoreSociological View on Deviance and Drug Use Essay8777 Words   |  36 PagesThe first time user of marijuana finds the experience as somewhat unpleasant, but as the user imitates peers he/she learns to perceive the effects of marijuana as enjoyable (Becker 1963). Becker (1963) begins his study of marijuana through analysis of the historical context by which American rule creators labeled marijuana use as deviant in the Marijuana Tax Act of 1937. The moral entrepreneur in this case is the Federal Bureau of Narcotics, formed as a part of the Treasury Department in 1930Read MoreHuman Resources Management150900 Words   |  604 Pageson other diverse groups of employees. So that all employees were given opportunities to grow and learn, the Bank of Montreal’s Institute of Learning was established at a cost exceeding $50 million. The goal of providing five days of training and education to every employee each year has been met for several years. To focus on performance, each department and every employee have HR managers participate in developing strategies and ensure that human resource dimensions are considered. almost 18%Read MoreDeveloping Management Skills404131 Words   |  1617 PagesCoral Graphics Text Font: 10/12 Weidemann-Book Credits and acknowledgments borrowed from other sources and reproduced, with permission, in this textbook appear on appropriate page within text. Copyright  © 2011, 2007, 2005, 2002, 1998 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Prentice Hall, One Lake Street, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458. All rights reserved. Manufactured in the United States of America. This publication is protected by Copyright, and permission should be obtained from the publisherRead MoreLibrary Management204752 Words   |  820 Pages. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209 Types of Staff . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210 The LIS Education and Human Resource Utilization Policy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213 The Organizational Framework for Staffing . . . . . . . . . 216 Job Descriptions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219 Job Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220 Job Evaluation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Read MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Wo rds   |  1573 PagesPearson Education, Inc., publishing as Prentice Hall. All rights reserved. Manufactured in the United States of America. This publication is protected by Copyright, and permission should be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or likewise. To obtain permission(s) to use material from this work, please submit a written request to Pearson Education, IncRead MoreFundamentals of Hrm263904 Words   |  1056 PagesHRM 28 PART 2 Chapter 3 Chapter 4 THE LEGAL AND ETHICAL CONTEXT OF HRM Equal Employment Opportunity 56 Employee Rights and Discipline 84 PART 3 Chapter 5 Chapter 6 Chapter 7 STAFFING THE ORGANIZATION Human Resource Planning and Job Analysis 110 Recruiting 132 Foundations of Selection 154 PART 4 Chapter 8 Chapter 9 TRAINING AND DEVELOPMENT Socializing, Orienting, and Developing Employees 182 Managing Careers 208 PART 5 Chapter 10 Chapter 11 Chapter 12 Chapter 13 MAINTAININGRead MoreManagement Course: Mba−10 General Management215330 Words   |  862 Pagesmust be performed and try to devise the work systems that allow their organizations to operate most efï ¬ ciently. 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Non Conventional Machine Free Essays

Module 9 Non-conventional machining Version 2 ME, IIT Kharagpur Lesson 36 Ultrasonic Machining (USM) Version 2 ME, IIT Kharagpur Instructional Objectives i. ii. iii. We will write a custom essay sample on Non Conventional Machine or any similar topic only for you Order Now iv. Describe the basic mechanism of material removal in USM Identify the process parameters of USM Identify the machining characteristics of USM Analyse the effect of process parameters on material removal rate (MRR) v. Develop mathematical model relating MRR with USM parameters vi. Draw variation in MRR with different process parameters vii. Identify major components of USM equipment viii. State the working principle of USM equipment ix. Draw schematically the USM equipment x. List three applications of USM xi. List three limitations of USM 1. Introduction Ultrasonic machining is a non-traditional machining process. USM is grouped under the mechanical group NTM processes. Fig. 9. 2. 1 briefly depicts the USM process. Force, F Slurry of abrasive and water Horn Vibration frequency f ~ 19 – 25 kHz Amplitude, a ~ 10 – 50 ? m Tool Work Fig. 9. 2. 1 The USM process In ultrasonic machining, a tool of desired shape vibrates at an ultrasonic frequency (19 ~ 25 kHz) with an amplitude of around 15 – 50 ? over the workpiece. Generally the tool is pressed downward with a feed force, F. Between the tool and workpiece, the machining zone is flooded with hard abrasive particles generally in the form of a water based slurry. As the tool vibrates over the workpiece, the abrasive particles act as the indenters and indent both the work material and the tool. The abrasive particles, as they indent, the work material, would remove the same, particularly if the work material is brittle, due to crack initiation, propagation and brittle fracture of the Version 2 ME, IIT Kharagpur aterial. Hence, USM is mainly used for machining brittle materials {which are poor conductors of electricity and thus cannot be processed by Electrochemical and Electro-discharge machining (ECM and ED)}. 2. Mechanisms of Material Removal in USM and its modelling As has been mentioned earlier, USM is generally used for machining brittle work material. Material removal primarily occurs due to the indentation of the hard abrasive grits on the brittle work material. As the tool vibrates, it leads to indentation of the abrasive grits. During indentation, due to Hertzian contact stresses, cracks would develop just below the contact site, then as indentation progresses the cracks would propagate due to increase in stress and ultimately lead to brittle fracture of the work material under each individual interaction site between the abrasive grits and the workpiece. The tool material should be such that indentation by the abrasive grits does not lead to brittle failure. Thus the tools are made of tough, strong and ductile materials like steel, stainless steel and other ductile metallic alloys. Other than this brittle failure of the work material due to indentation some material removal may occur due to free flowing impact of the abrasives against the work material and related solid-solid impact erosion, but it is estimated to be rather insignificant. Thus, in the current model, material removal would be assumed to take place only due to impact of abrasives between tool and workpiece, followed by indentation and brittle fracture of the workpiece. The model does consider the deformation of the tool. In the current model, all the abrasives are considered to be identical in shape and size. An abrasive particle is considered to be spherical but with local spherical bulges as shown in Fig. 9. 2. 2. The abrasive particles are characterised by the average grit diameter, dg. It is further assumed that the local spherical bulges have a uniform diameter, db and which is related to the grit diameter by db = ? dg2. Thus an abrasive is characterised by ? and dg. db db db db dg Fig. 9. 2. 2 Schematic representation of abrasive grit Version 2 ME, IIT Kharagpur During indentation by the abrasive grit onto the workpiece and the tool, the local spherical bulges contact the surfaces and the indentation process is characterised by db rather than by dg. Fig. 9. 2. 3 shows the interaction between the abrasive grit and the workpiece and tool. Tool db abrasive grit db Work A B db 2x C D ?w Hemispherical material removed due to brittle Fig. 9. 2. 3 Interaction between grit and workpiece and tool As the indentation proceeds, the contact zone between the abrasive grit and workpiece is established and the same grows. The contact zone is circular in nature and is characterised by its diameter ‘2x’. At full indentation, the indentation depth in the work material is characterised by ? w. Due to the indentation, as the work material is brittle, brittle fracture takes place leading to hemi-spherical fracture of diameter ‘2x’ under the contact zone. Therefore material removal per abrasive grit is given as 2 ? w = ? x 3 3 Now from Fig. 9. 2. 3 AB 2 = AC 2 + BC 2 ? db ? ?d ? ? ? = ? b ? ? w ? + x2 ? 2 ? ? 2 ? 2 x = db? w neglecting ? w2 as ? w How to cite Non Conventional Machine, Papers

Mushrooms by Sylvia Plath vs. Hawk Roosting by Ted Hughes Essay Example

Mushrooms by Sylvia Plath vs. Hawk Roosting by Ted Hughes Paper Hawk Roosting on the other hand, Implies a metaphor for the arrogant, selfish megalomaniacs of todays world and Hughes achieves this by expressing the enticements of a hawk through the hawks perspective but in the terms of a human. Hawk Roosting by Ted Hughes is a poem of two levels. On the surface, it portrays an actual hawk on the top of a tree, surveying his kingdom, and talking about the rest of the world in his own perspective, albeit an egotistical one. The hawk seems proud of Its self-proclaimed superiority, as It announces Its capacity to dole out death, Its power, efficiency and ruthlessness. By using the first person to enter the consciousness of a hawk, Hughes shows us the solipsistic views expressed by the gawk in human terms and concepts which remind us of the narcissistic pursuits in the modern world and imply a metaphor for mankind. The poem is all about the need for control inherent in human beings. Hughes allegorically uses the Hawk to describe dictatorship, what Hughes believes to be the epitome of human desire for control, we see vanity (It Is all mine) and we see delusion, Ironically alluded to In falsifying dream. From this perspective It Is an evaluation on the unfounded superiority that human beings assert. The hawk itself represents power and ignorance at the same time because he thinks hat he is the most important animal in the woods and he is ignorant to the fact that he cannot have everything, In the poem Hughes shows this very well by using lots of emotive language and description about how the hawk thinks. The opening line, l sit in the top of the wood, my eyes closed. Is referring to the hierarchy of the wood. When Hughes says that the hawk is in the top of the wood he is working on a literal level, the hawk is literally on the top of the wood and figuratively. The hawk thinks of Itself as the king of the woods, he is unchallenged and fearless. Hughes goes on to say that the hawk wants or needs nothing, no falsifying dream, his dreams are not something that he wants, he already has everything he wants, his dreams are his reality. We will write a custom essay sample on Mushrooms by Sylvia Plath vs. Hawk Roosting by Ted Hughes specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Mushrooms by Sylvia Plath vs. Hawk Roosting by Ted Hughes specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Mushrooms by Sylvia Plath vs. Hawk Roosting by Ted Hughes specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Hughes mentions the hawks hooked head and hooked feet: Hughes is describing these because they are his weapons, his tools for killing, he is proud of them because they have helped him into the position at the top of the food chain and, as the hawk thinks, to the top of the world. In the last line of this stanza Hughes writes about the hawk in sleep rehearse(inning) perfect Kills Ana eat. I en knack Is remembering Nils perfect Kills Ana rearrange Tort ten next time he needs to eat, or Just wants to kill. The hawks perspective then shifts to his domain, he is saying how his surroundings are so convenient for him and, The convenience of the high trees! , he sits at the top of the wood using the high trees as an advantage to him so that he can see everything that is going on beneath him. The last line of the poem shows that the hawk thinks it is more important then the Earth itself, the hawk seems to think that the Earth is subservient to him. This climaxes the poem with the most solipsistic claim and rounds off the impression of a greedy, power-crazed yet sadly ignorant creature. In contrast, Mushrooms by Sylvia Plant has a possible underlying metaphor for womens place in society. Plant was herself a feminist and although she never stated that this was the true meaning of the poem, it seems fairly likely. Plant conjures up the image of a field of mushrooms, silently growing overnight, undetected and unnoticed, almost like a silent rebellion at the end of which they will rule the world. In contrast, Hughes hawk in Hawk Roosting believes that he is already in a state of supreme power, and is not silent about it, but arrogantly flaunts his power. Plant portrays the mushrooms as a unit, as though they are all bound together by their cause, and to back this up she talks in the 1st person plural: Nobody sees us, Stops us, betrays us This enhances the image of a silent group all working as one to overthrow the oppressive regime. In contrast, the hawk is an entirely reclusive being, that feels no need for any companions, and Hughes, similarly to Plant, speaks entirely in the first errors singular. In the 4th stanza, Plant uses alliteration and internal rhyme: Soft fists insist on heaving the needles, the leafy bedding This is onomatopoeic as the repeated s sound is like the sound of mushrooms tearing through the earth and sprouting upwards. Contrastingly, Hughes chooses not to use a regular rhyme pattern, but instead uses emotive language for effect. Plant continues with the metaphor for womens position in society as she says: We diet on water, on crumbs of shadow, bland-mannered, asking little or nothing. This lays up to the stereotype of the standard housewife of the times. In the sasss women were still playing quite a subservient role in society to men and Plant clearly objected to this, and voiced her objections through poetry. During that passage, Plant also uses enjambment to establish an increasing sense of cumulative energy between stanzas. Boot Plant Ana Hughes nave nature as tenet DSSSL topic In tense poems, out It Is TN meaning under the surface that is important, a nd that is what affects how they portray nature through the use of language and perspective. Phillips ME ROD-C